Cov Khoom Siv Cov Khoom Siv Ntawm Daim Ntawv Rov Los Phau Ntawv Ntau Lawm

Ua ntej CAI Lun txhim kho papermaking (105 ad), tus cab kuj ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej yog ntev txwv los ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov nqi ntawm cov khoom muaj. Lub papyrus ntawm Iyi thaum ub, Parchment ntawm Tebchaws Europe, xyoob ntoo ntawm Tuam Tshoj, lossis cov nqi ntau lawm, tsawg heev txwv cov phau ntawv ntau lawm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev sib tsoo hauv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev nthuav dav hauv kev khaws cia hauv cov tshuab luam ntawv rau yav tom ntej. Kab lus no yuav ntsuas cov ntawv qhia li cas tau hloov cov laj thawj ntawm phau ntawv txiav txim, nrog rau cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus no ntawm kev paub txog kev tshaj tawm.
Qhov kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam hauv cov nqi ntau lawm los ntawm cov khoom lag luam khoom kim heev rau cov ntawv siv txhua hnub, kev lag luam muaj peev xwm tawg ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phau ntawv ntau lawm. Piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv sau ua ntej, cov txheej txheem khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab kev txhawb nqa cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, kev txhawb nqa ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom loj. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau txo nyob rau hauv raw cov khoom siv tau tawg tag nrho cov kev txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau ua tsoos. Kev tsim cov parchment hauv Tebchaws Europe yuav tsum tau muaj ntau ntawm cov tsiaj txhu tsim muaj ntau phau Vajlugkub, uas yuav tsum tau 300 nplooj ntawv ntawm sheepskin (li 40 yaj), thiab tus nqi sib npaug ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tus neeg ua liaj ua teb nruab nrab tau 10 xyoo. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv raw rau Suav xyoob yog npaj tau yooj yim, 5000 xyoob pob zeb muaj tsuas yog tuav ib daim ntawm qhov ntsuas thiab hnyav dua 50 kilo. Thiab daim ntawv yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg xws li cov tawv ntoo, hemp, thiab txhuam cov ntaub, nrog tus nqi nkaus xwb 1/20 ntawm parchment thiab 1/100 ntawm lo lo ntxhuav. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thaum lub sijhawm Tang Dynasty, tus nqi Xuan daim ntawv tsuas yog 1/5 ntawm ntawm 1 daim ntawm parchment ntawv. Tus nqi no kom zoo dua cov kev ntsuas loj ntau lawm. Lub qhov rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom raw kom ua kom tau txais kev cai txuas ntxiv. Papyrus tsuas yog loj hlob hauv Nile Delta, parchmenting kev hlub ntawm cov tsiaj cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau ntau qhov chaw. Thaum lub sijhawm Wei thiab Jin dynasties, "Jingzhou Studicle" sau tseg tias nyob rau sab qaum teb, Hemp tau siv, thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom raw kom ntseeg tau tias kev tsim phau ntawv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua tsov rog thiab kev lag luam kev txhawb nqa rau kev sib txuas lus txuas ntxiv. Cov kev txhim kho cov duab geometric ntawm cov khoom siv tau ua haujlwm thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov ntawv deb tshaj cov ntaub ntawv. Kev tsim cov ntawv parchment yuav tsum muaj ntau dua 10 cov txheej txheem suav nrog ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, ncab, thiab sib zog ua ke ntawm 3 hnub rau txhua tus txheej txheem; Daim ntawv tuaj yeem yog huab hwm coj los ntawm plaub tus txheej txheem ntawm "fermentation, npau npau, thiab luam tawm". Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv-ua rhiav ntawm Yizhou (tam sim no chengdu) thaum lub sij hawm Tang Dynasty, 10 Crafts tuaj yeem tsim 2 zaug yog ntau tshaj 50 npaug ntau dua li xuas tes ua parchment ntawv. Cov qauv loj me, xws li Tang Dynasty ntawv ntsuas txog 30 × 45Cm, tswj tau cov kev sib koom tes los ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab txo qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab. Lub chaw khaws khoom ruaj khov ntawm cov ntawv txo cov nqi thib ob. Sheekey daim ntawv yog raug rau shrinkage thiab deformation tshwm sim los ntawm cov av noo, thaum papyrus yuav dhau los ua ib puag ncig qhuav. Cov ntawv txheej txheem kom zoo tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ntau pua xyoo. Cov ntawv Tang Dynasty pom hauv Dunhuang cov vaj ncauj tsev tswj hwm nws txoj kev resiliat nws txawm tias tom qab ntau txhiab xyoo, uas txo qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntawv rov ua dua. Raws li "phau ntawv ntawm SUI, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov classics", tom qab cov ntawv sau npe tau zoo nce ib zaug txhua 30 xyoo mus rau 60 xyoo, tsis ncaj ncees txo cov khaws cia kom ntev. Kev tsim kho kom tiav Phau ntawv tau hloov zuj zus ntawm cov ntawv sau rau hauv phau ntawv, thiab cov khoom siv lub cev tau muab rau daim ntawv tshiab kiag li. Piv rau cov xyoob xyoob thiab tsis yooj yim thiab yoog raws li cov ntawv sau cia los ntawm phau ntawv era rau hauv phau ntawv era, protoundly cuam tshuam kev nyeem ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus qauv. Lub tig siab hloov tshiab ntawm cov hom ntawv khi tau hloov tau hloov cov scrolls nrog cov ntawv kaw lus raws li cov ntsiab lus. Xyoob ruam yuav tsum muaj kev txuas nrog hauv koob nrog hlua, thiab thaum flipping los ntawm lawv, lawv yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm los ntawm daim; Qhov ntev tshaj plaws papyrus scroll tuaj yeem ncav cuag mus txog 30 metres, thiab tshawb rau cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab yuav tsum tau rov ua dua tshiab. Thiab ntawv tuaj yeem muab tais rau hauv cov phau ntawv. Cov folding ntawm ntev rolls raws li qhov ntau thiab tsawg, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hnub sab hnub qub han dynasty, tsim qhov ntxov ntawm cov nplooj ntawv; Thaum lub sij hawm Tang Dynasty, Npauj npaim Khaub Ncaws tau tsim ntxiv los ntawm folding ib daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv thiab ua raws li lawv ua ke. Thaum flipping hla lawv, lawv tau sib kis lawv cov tis zoo li npauj npaim. Daim foos no txo ​​cov tuab ntawm cov phau ntawv los ntawm 60% thiab nce lub peev xwm ntawm ib phau ntawv los ntawm peb zaug. Cov xov khi tshuab ntawm nkauj dynasty tsau cov nplooj ntawv los ntawm plaub lub qhov muag xaws, uas yog muaj zog dua li cov qauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov phau ntawv tom qab. Tseem ceeb txhim kho hauv nplooj ntawv siv. Daim ntawv tuaj yeem sau rau ob sab, thaum silk feem ntau tsuas yog sau rau ntawm ib sab vim tsis muaj neeg pluag permeability. Txawm hais tias parchment tuaj yeem siv rau ob tog, tus nqi yog siab. Txoj kev txhim kho kev txawj ntse ntawm cov typetting tsim thiab kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov ntawv sau. Cov npoo ntawm daim ntawv yog tiaj thiab hnav khaub ncaws, muab lub hauv paus rau cov qauv sau ntawv qauv. Thaum lub sij hawm wei thiab jin dynasties, coptisters pib siv ciam ciam los kos cov xim liab los xyuas kom paub tseeb tias cov ntawv sau zoo huv si. Cov txheej txheem no tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv cov qauv tsim ntawm cov chaw luam ntawv. Cov kev kuaj mob Imperial ntawm Tang dynasty txhawb nqa cov qauv hloov pauv (txog 1.5cm) thiab font loj (hais txog kev nyeem ntawv nyeem ntau dua. Qhov qauv no tau tso cai tso lub hauv paus rau tom qab "txheej txheem" ​​ntawm woodblock luam ntawv. Fusion ntawm cov duab thiab cov ntawv ua tau. Lub Inek Kev Txhim Kho Cov Ntawv yog qhov nruab nrab yog qhov, muaj peev xwm nqa cov ntawv nyeem cov lus thiab kos duab nyuaj. Lub Tang Dynasty "Pob Zeb Diamond Sutra" ({{402} Cov ntsiab lus thiab nplua nuj cov ntsiab lus ntawm "tsuas yog cov txiv neej lub vaj" daim duab thaum pib ntawm cov ntawv sau. Daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau sib xyaw thiab cov duab nyuaj rau ua tiav hauv parchment era vim muaj nuj nqis siab. Daim ntawv tau hloov cov lus qhia los ntawm kev dai kom zoo nyob hauv cov phau ntawv, txhawb kev txhim kho kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov ntawv kos duab. Cov kev muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm hom kev cob qhia los ntawm kev cob qhia rau kev cob qhia, sib txuas nrog cov phau ntawv tsim kev tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm xyoob thiab parchment ntawv, kev tsim cov ntawv qhia yog feem ntau ua rau cov ntawv lossis cov koom haum tshwj xeeb, tso lub koom haum lub laj thawj rau kev luam ntawv. Kev txhim kho loj-ntsuas ntawm kev luam tawm kev lag luam thiab nce kev luam ntawv luam tawm. Ua ntej Han Dynasty, phau ntawv luam tau feem ntau ua tiav los ntawm cov ntawv sau lawv tus kheej lossis los ntiav cov kws luam ntawv me me; Tom qab cov ntawv tshaj tawm, tshwj xeeb "Bookstores" tawm hauv Luoyang thiab Jiankang thaum Wei thiab Jin dynasties, ua haujlwm ntau zaug ntawm cov kws luam ntawv rau ntau lawm. Raws li cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm Wang Sengqian "hauv phau ntawv ntawm yav qab teb QI, lub sijhawm ntawd, yuav luam cov ntawv nyeem (1 ntim rau hauv ib hlis. Qhov no loj cov khoom siv ntau luv txo cov nqi ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm "ib qho kub thiab sab hnub tuaj, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib muaj peev xwm yuav lawv. Lub tshuab ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm lub zog system. Cov khw muag ntawv loj loj tsoo cov phau ntawv ntau lawm ua plaub ntu: Kev xa ntawv, luam ntawv, thiab khi, txhua tus yog daws tau tus neeg mob siab. Qhov tsim ntawm cov pawg neeg hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov pawg thiab kev txhim kho kev sib haum xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thiab kev lag luam hauv phau ntawv. Cov ntawv tsim tawm yuav tsum muaj cov dej thiab cov roj nyoos loj, uas muaj cov chaw ua haujlwm sai rau hauv cov chaw muaj kev lag luam ntawv. Kev ceev cov nyhuv ntawm cov thev naus laus zis. Cov ntawv tsim thev naus laus zis sai sai los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm craftsmen, tsav lub cheeb tsam tshuav nyiaj ntawm phau ntawv ua thev naus laus zis sib npaug. Thaum lub sijhawm HAN dynasty, ntawv tsuas yog siv nyob hauv Central Thaj Chaw Thaj Chaw, thiab sab qab teb thiab yav qab teb thiab yav qab teb; Thaum lub sij hawm Tang Dynasty, papermaking tau qhia rau Arab lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua silk. Hauv 794, ib daim ntawv sau ua ke tau tshwm sim hauv Baghdad, ua raws li los ntawm kev tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv samarkand thiab cairo. Cov chaw no tau nrawm nrawm nrawm rau cov phau ntawv Arabic ntau lawm, txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm Arab Kev Txhais Lus. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv thev naus laus zis muaj cov phau ntawv hloov ntau lawm los ntawm ib cheeb tsam tshwm sim rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Txheej txheem kev ywj pheej ntawm cov kev paub tab, thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, thaum kawg cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam, thaum kawg cuam tshuam cov lus ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov tob ntawm kev paub txog kev tshaj tawm. Thaum cov nqi tsim thiab teeb meem ntawm tau txais cov phau ntawv tshaj tawm, thiab nrawm nrawm mus rau kev sib pauv thiab kev txhim kho kev vam meej. Kev ua kom tawg nyob rau hauv cov lus pom zoo ntawm kev paub cov thauj khoom thiab tog kev kawm cov peev txheej. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoob swb, tus nqi ntawm phau ntawv ntawm cov nkauj tau sib npaug ntawm cov tsev neeg nruab nrab ntawm chav kawm theem nrab, thiab tsuas yog cov menyuam yaus muaj cov menyuam yaus tau nkag mus rau cov phau ntawv. Cov dav dav tshaj tawm txog cov vaj lug kub. Ua ntej tau txais cov ntawv hauv ntawv, Haujshismeem tau luam cov nqi siab thiab txo kev sib cav; Tom qab Eastern Jin dynasty, tus naj npawb ntawm cov vaj lug kub buddist theej rau ntawm daim ntawv nce siab. MogAo cov lus ntawm Dunhuang ib leeg khaws cia cov vaj lug kub ntau tshaj 50000 ntawv ntawv tshaj tawm mus rau sab hnub tuaj Asia thiab Central Asia los ntawm txoj kev silk. Cov vaj lug kub uas tau txhais los ntawm Tang dynasty tau sau rau ntawm daim ntawv thiab "dhau mus rau lub ntiaj teb", ua kom pom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm Haujsiam nrog kev pab los ntawm daim ntawv. Ib yam li ntawd, Taoist classics tau systematically npaj rau ntawm daim ntawv, sib sau cov qauv thaum ntxov ntawm "Daozang". Qhov loj-teev kev txheeb xyuas ntawm kab lis kev cai txuag tau ua rau nws ua tau kom cov txheej txheem teeb tsa ancient qub. Ua ntej rov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv, cov phau ntawv nyuaj rau systematatically khaws vim lawv cov ntaub ntawv kim, thiab ntau cov classics tau ploj mus tas li tom qab Emperor Qin Shi Huang hlawv lawv; Tus nqi qis ntawm daim ntawv tau ua cov ntawv thiab phau ntawv ntiag tug suav cov qauv. Thaum Banter Gu of Eastern Han dynasty sau phau ntawv "Han - Yiwen Zhi", cov phau ntawv sau tau twb tau txog 30000 tagnrho; Tang Dynasty's "Phau Ntawv Teev Tseg" classics "cov ntaub ntawv hais tias lub teb chaws sau los ntawm cov classics muab cov khoom siv rau kev ua cuab yeej cuab tam. Tseem ceeb tshaj, daim ntawv ua rau kev siv cov ntawv ', pub cov ntawv tseem ceeb kom tau theej thiab khaws cia cov ntawv luam, txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Cov khoom siv rau cov kev sib txuas lus hla kev sib txuas lus. Qhov kis tau los ntawm txoj kev lo lo ntxhuav uas tso cai cov phau ntawv los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv nrog lwm tus. Arabs theej Greek ua haujlwm ntawm Suav daim ntawv thiab kis rov qab rau Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Spain, txhawb nqa European Renaissance; Tom qab ua ke ntawm papermaking thiab luam ntawv nyob rau hauv Suav teb, kev tshawb fawb thiab "kev tsim cov haujlwm hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, cuam tshuam kev ua liaj ua teb Cov khoom thauj ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig-kab lis kev cai uas txaus siab yog cov phau ntawv ua los ntawm ntawv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv tau muaj feem ntau dua rau phau ntawv ntau lawm ntau dua li hloov cov ntaub ntawv. Nws rov kho cov phau ntawv ntau lawm nrog cov nqi qis dua, ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv hloov tau zoo, ua tiav qhov kev ua kom haum rau cov nplai thiab nrawm ntawm kev paub txog kev tshaj tawm. Thaum ntawv thiab luam ntawv thaum kawg ua ke, cov kiv puag ncig uas tau pib nrog cov khoom siv puag ncig mus txog nws lub ncov. Lub rooj sib haum xeeb lub rooj sib tham tau hom tshuab luam ntawv tau hloov lub ntiaj teb no meej vim ntawv tau npaj ib theem dav dav rau qhov kev tawm tsam no. Hauv qhov kev txiav txim zoo no, ntawv tsis yog cov khoom rau kev ua cov phau ntawv, tab sis kuj catalyst rau kev txhim kho kev txhim kho tib neeg kev vam meej tib neeg.