Cov phau ntawv tau ua ua ntej cov ntawv luam ntawv li cas?

Ua ntej Gutenberg ua rau cov hlau rooj nqus tsev (nyob ib ncig ntawm 1440), kev tsim cov phau ntawv tso siab rau ntawm phau ntawv ua haujlwm. Lub sijhawm siv sijhawm no thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ua cov phau ntawv kim heev yam khoom kim heev hauv cov Tebchaws Europe. Muaj nuj nqes hauv phau Vajlugkub yog sib npaug rau vaj txiv hmab, uas tsuas yog muaj los ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab nobles. Kab lus no yuav rov qab mus rau lub xyoo ntev ua ntej kev yug ntawm cov neeg sau khoom siv hauv Praftization, thiab qhia cov khoom siv tes ua kom zoo nkauj ua ntej, thiab kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm txoj kev paub. Cov kev hloov kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawv los ntawm pob zeb rau parchment, thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv yog thawj zaug ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej kev tsim muaj thiab cov npe nrov, kev sib txawv ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom txawv ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom hauv cheeb tsam, thiab cov khoom siv cuam tshuam cov cuab yeej cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov ntawv sau. Lub papyrus thiab sau cov txuj ci ntawm Egypt thaum ub. Papyrus scrolls yog ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm tib neeg. Txhawm rau ua Papyrus ntawv, cov qia thiab hlwb ntawm papyrus yuav tsum tau txiav mus rau hauv nyias slices qauv, hammered nrog cov nroj tsuag tus kheej cov pos hniav, thiab thaum kawg polished du nrog pumice. Hom ntawv no yog lub teeb daj nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab muaj cov qauv siv nkig, ua rau nws sau ntawv nrog tus cwj mem uas rov qab ua rau cov pa roj hmab dub lossis ntxhia. Ancient Egyptian cov ntawv sau cia yuav tsum muaj 12 xyoos kev cob qhia kev tshaj lij los sau phau ntawv cov tuag nyob rau 30 meter ntev scroll. Cov ntawv sau nruj nreem ua raws li txoj cai rau sab laug, nrog txhua kab tsis tshaj 1 Centimeter hauv qhov siab, ua kom muaj kev nyeem ntawv nruab nrab thaum nyeem. Cov txheej txheem cia ntawm papyrus scrolls cuam tshuam rau cov qauv qauv. Vim tias lub peev xwm tsawg ntawm ib lub ntim ib qho, feem ntau yog cov khoom siv ntev, xws li Iliad uas tau muab faib ua 24 feeb rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tim Nkij teb chaws. Qhov kev faib tawm no tau dhau los ua cov embryonic daim ntawv ntawm tshooj faib hauv phau ntawv tom qab no, tab sis kuj txwv qhov kev paub txog kev paub dhau los. Tom qab xyoo thib 3 AD AD, nrog Egypt raug txiav txim los ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, cov khoom siv ntawm Papyrus tsuas yog txwv, thiab cov teb chaws Europe pib tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv lwm yam. Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm parchment thiab lub Era ntawm kev luam tawm, qhov tsim muaj ntawm parchment yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2 BC, lub Kingdom of Pegamum hauv Asia Cov ntaub ntawv sau tau tsim los ntawm yaj, tshis vim yog kev thaiv ntawm Papyrus. Cov tawv tau tsau rau hauv cov kua qaub los tshem cov plaub hau, ncab thiab tsau rau ziab, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab ua pumice kom txog thaum nws zoo li CICADA TEAM. Cov ntawv zoo parchment yog huv thiab du thiab du, muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntawv sau ob tog, thiab ntau ruaj khov dua li papyrus. Ib phau Vajlugkub yuav tsum tau 250-300 los xij ntawm sheepskin, sib npaug ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm 30-40 yaj. Vellum yog daim ntawv qhia txog parchment. Ua los ntawm plab hlaub tawv nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm ib qho, nrog cov lus zoo li lo lo ntxhuav, haum rau kev sau cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj. Hauv kev saib xyuas medieval, parchment cov ntawv tau suav tias yog dawb ceev thiab feem ntau siv los ua moo zoo. Lub tsev qiv ntawv Lindisfarne (7th caug xyoo) khaws cia hauv cov ntawv parchment, nrog kho tshwj xeeb ntawm ib nplooj ntawv thiab ib qho tuab ntawm tsuas yog 0.1 millimeters. Nws tseem tswj hwm qhov zoo rau hnub no. Cov khoom siv cov khoom siv rau lub hnub yug ntawm cov cuab yeej sau ua ke thiab tus ntsuj neej cov ntawv xuas tes ua nyob hauv cov cuab yeej sau ua ke thiab cov number case. Los ntawm red pens rau plaub nphom, los ntawm carbon dub rau nws yog xim hlau pigments, txhua txoj kev txhim kho hauv kev txhim kho kev txhim kho ntawm kev sau ntawv zoo thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj. Cov kev hloov pauv thiab cov hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, rov muab cov npiv yog cov cuab yeej sau ntawv ntawm tebchaws Iziv thaum ub mus rau lub nroog Loos thaum ub. Txiav ib qho kawg ntawm lub papyrus qia lossis reed lub qia dogonally, thiab tom qab ntawd siv ib rab riam me me los quav qhov sib txawv ntawm tus cwj mem ntawm tus cwj mem. Kev nqus dej num hauv qhov tsis muaj tsawg tab sis cov khoom tsim tau yooj yim. Tom qab lub xyoo pua 6 AD, Goose Plaub Cawv tau siv dav hauv Tebchaws Europe, nrog cov plaub hau sab nraud ntawm cov tis tau nyiam. Cov plaub ntawm sab laug yog tsim nyog sau ntawv, thiab tom qab kev pab cuam sab nrauv, yog cov ces kaum cov ntawv loj, thaum cov ces kaum mos tau siv rau cov tsiaj ntawv me. Lub Gothic tsab ntawv tsim los ntawm Monks hauv UK tau tsim los hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob Quill los ntawm cov kab ntsug ceev thiab cov kab kab rov tav nyias. Kev vam meej kev vam meej sab hnub tuaj tau tsim muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev sau ntawv. Tus naj npawb ntawm Suav, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib 3 BC, yog ua los ntawm tsiaj plaub hau (luav plaub hau, hma plaub hau) khi rau xyoob cov hlab. Nws tuaj yeem siv los sau cov tshuaj ntsuab ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev nqa thiab nias, muab yug rau cov kos duab ntawm calligraphy. Lub Ntiaj Teb Arab siv cov pens reed red reed reed reed red red red red cov pens lossis sib xyaw nrog tus yam ntxwv nkhaus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic, los txhim kho elegant "kufa style" calligraphy. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab sib txawv tau tsim cov qauv sib txawv rau cov phau ntawv nruab nrab ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Cov mis thiab xim kos duab kos duab ntawm number case, carbon black number case yog cov khoom siv qub tshaj plaws. Cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub xyaw xyaw nrog cov pa luam yeeb Arabic ua kom dub muab tshuaj txhuam hniav dub, uas yog qhov tsis yooj yim faded tom qab ziab; Nyob rau hauv Medieval Europe, Oak Bark tau boiled thiab hlau av tau ntxiv los ua cov kav hlau ua hlau thiab maj mam oxidized rau dub dub thaum raug huab cua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav crodode daim ntawv, ua rau muaj ntau cov ntawv txheeb me me hauv nruab nrab kom muaj cov ntawv loj me nyob ib ncig ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Lub tsev qiv ntawv British kev xeem txog ntawm lub xyoo pua 12thcripts uas tau pom tias cov tshuaj acidic hauv cov ntawv sau rau 3.5-4.0, nrawm nrawm. Cov mem kua mem kua txiv yog siv rau kev hais txog thiab dai kom zoo. Liab mem kua txiv yog ua los ntawm cinnabar (mercury sulfide) thiab feem ntau siv los cim pib tshooj lossis cov lus tseem ceeb. Lo lus "liab" los ntawm qhov no. Xiav los ntawm indigo lossis indigo; Kub yog qhov cub nrog kub ntawv ci thiab sib xyaw nrog cov nplaum, uas yog kim thiab tsuas yog siv rau kev dai thawj tsab ntawv ntawm txoj moo zoo. Cov txheej txheem ntawm ua kub number cas yog qhov sib xyaw kub heev, uas xav tau cov khoom kub thiab alum, sib tsoo rau cov pa taws micrometer kom kho viscosity. Nyob rau hauv Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm St. Edmundsbury nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12, tus nqi tsim ntawm ib nplooj ntawv ntawm cov pib kub yog sib npaug rau ib lub lim tiam rau tus kws ua ntoo. Cov kab ke tseem ceeb ntawm phau ntawv medieval yog lub monastery, uas yog qhov chaw ntawm phau ntawv ntau lawm hauv Tebchaws Europe txij hnub tim 5 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau lub xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau xyoo pua 15 mus rau tom 15 xyoo AD. Txhawm rau khaws cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg thiab cov haujlwm classical, zaj lus qhia tsim tau ib qho qauv zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog qhov ze tshaj plaws ua qauv rau ntau ntau lawm ua ntej luam ntawv. Kev faib cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm hauv chav luam ua raws txoj kev ua haujlwm nruj ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Daim ntawv luam tawm ntawm ib lub tuam tsev loj tuaj yeem haum 20-30 teev npe rau cov kws tshaj lij kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau, thiab cov kws ua haujlwm ua pov thawj rau cov ntawv sau rau cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv khi. Cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm txhua hnub: Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kwv yees li 2,000 xyoo ua haujlwm ib hnub, thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav 1-2 nruab nrab ntev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib xyoos. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, cov kws luam ntawv yuav siv cov qauv los kos kab rov tav kab ntawm parchment ntawv nrog koob, kom meej meej tias cov ntawv nyeem tau npaj zoo. Cov txheej txheem no tom qab hloov mus rau hauv cov typolted hauv kev luam ntawv. Cov txheej txheem ua pov thawj ua pov thawj yog tus yuam sij los ua kom zoo. Medieval cov neeg sau ntawv feem ntau raug yauv ua peb puag ncig ntawm kev ua pov thawj. Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Yus Tus Kheej, lwm tus kws sau ntawv pov thawj ntxiv txhua lwm yam, thiab thaum kawg cov as-surnStRead. Cov teeb meem yuav raug scraped nrog ib rab riam (parchment tuaj yeem rov qab scraped) lossis cim nrog cov mem kua liab rau kev hloov kho. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias, yuam kev tseem nyuaj rau kev zam. Hauv ib xyoo pua 13th ntawm cov haujlwm tiav ntawm Aristotle, tus kws tshaj lij tus niam ntawv cim npe thiab sau cov lus "xws li" ua yuam kev no kav rau peb ib-paus xyoo. Cov lus pom ntawm cov duab piv txwv thiab cov phau ntawv zoo nkauj, nrog thawj daim ntawv sau dai kom zoo nkauj (lub npe) yog lub iconic feature ntawm cov ntawv sau. Thawj tsab ntawv ntawm tshooj tseem ceeb yog nthuav dav ntau zaus, thiab cov qauv nroj tsuag, lossis lub neej muaj sia nyob sab hauv, ua cov duab hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th Trittheim Codex, ib tsab ntawv piav qhia txog tag nrho ntawm lub monastery, suav nrog ntau dua 30 tus cim, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus uas cov lus qhia ntawm cov hauj sam tuaj yeem lees paub. Txhawm rau ua cov npe xws li, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua ntej ntawm lawv, tom qab ntawd sau rau cov xim kub thiab thaum thaum kawg ua rau lawv cov hmoov dawb ua, uas siv li 2-3 hnub. Cov duab me me yog cov khoom muaj nqis kos duab hauv cov neeg sau ntawv. Tsis zoo li cov duab niaj hnub, cov xim me me tsis yog tsuas yog dai kom zoo, tab sis kuj pom qhov muag pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyeem ntawv. Lub Duke ntawm Berry's Deluxe phau ntawv (15th caug xyoo piav qhia txog plaub lub caij ua liaj ua teb, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg, thiab lub neej. Cov duab kos yog tsim siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov xim kub ntawm cov xim kub (qe qe ua xim nrog cov xim xim), nrog cov xim ci thiab ntev-ntev. Tus sau phau ntawv no ntawm cov me me cov xim tha xim yog feem ntau cov kws tshaj lij, tsis yog dab. Lawv tau raug caw los ntawm kev cob qhia hauv nroog rau cov monasteries thiab them rau nplooj ntawv. Tus nqi ntawm ib qho kev pleev xim me me yog sib npaug rau 50 cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv parchment. Cov kev txawj ntse ntawm phau ntawv sab hnub tuaj ua nyob rau hauv Suav teb thiab Arab ntiaj teb nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias thaum nyob hauv European tsim cov ntawv sau, Suav thiab Arab ntiaj teb tau tsim cov phau ntawv sib txawv. Lawv cov kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kab lis kev cai kev xav tau txhawb nqa ib leeg, sib sau cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov phau ntawv xuas tes ua. Daim ntawv ua thiab woodblock luam tawm tho kev hauv Suav teb, CAI LUN cov txheej txheem txhim kho cov ntawv (105 AD), nteg lub hauv paus rau cov phau ntawv uas nrov. Daim ntawv ua los ntawm cov tawv ntoo, hemp lub taub hau, thiab txhuam cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li 1/20 ntawm parchment ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm lub hnub sab hnub tuaj rau Wei thiab Jin dynasties. Tus "Qi Min Yao Shu" thaum lub sijhawm qaum teb thiab yav qab teb thiab yav qab teb cov tshuaj "(cog mucus) tuaj yeem faib cov ntawv fibers. Cov thev naus laus zis yog 1200 xyoo dhau los tshaj li cov teb chaws Europe. Cov qauv ntawm woodblock luam ntawv tau tshwm nyob hauv Tang dynasty (7-9 ib-paus xyoo). Txawm hais tias pawg ntau lawm ntau lawm tseem tau tsim, Buddhists repraved cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, thiab luam tawm rau ntawm daim ntawv kom muaj cov vaj lug kub. Qhov no "rubbing" txheej txheem yog cov txheej txheem ua ntej los luam ntawv. Lub Diamond Sutra (868}} ad) pom hauv Dunhuang hauv xyoo 1900 yog cov xim ua ntej muaj sia, ua kom muaj kev paub txog cov thev naus laus zis. Txawm hais tias cov thev naus laus zis no tsis tau hloov pauv ntawm Tang Dynasty, nws tau tsim kev paub rau kev tsim tawm ntawm cov nkauj hloov tau nyob hauv zaj nkauj dynasty. Cov kos duab ntawm kev paub txog kev paub hauv Arab ntiaj teb, nrog Arabs ua ob txoj kev koom tes tseem ceeb rau phau ntawv ntau lawm. Ib qho yog kev txhim kho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Talas nyob rau hauv 751, Suav Craftsmen tau coj los samer fibers los ua ntawv, uas tau ua kom ruaj khov thiab tsim nyog rau kev sau ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic. Qhov thib ob yog qhov kev txhim kho ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9, lub Palace ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv Baghdad tsis yog tsuas yog sau cov phau ntawv Greek los txhais cov haujlwm Greek, ua ib qho kev txhais lus. Qhov khi ntawm Arabic cov ntawv sau yog txawv. Siv folding khi, daim ntawv yog tais hauv ib nrab thiab xaws nyob hauv nruab nrab, tom qab ntawd npog nrog lub plhaub tawv npog. Lub hau qhwv yog qhwv hauv tawv thiab embossed nrog geometric cov qauv, qee zaum inlaid nrog kaus ntxhw lossis kaus ntxhw lossis gemstones. Tus txheej txheem khi no yooj yim rau kev nyeem ncaj thiab tsim nyog rau kev siv dua li cov ntawv European. Lub xyoo pua 13th agentcript ntawm "kev sib xyaw ua mob" muaj cov ntaub ntawv kho mob moroccan nrog cov kub-plated sawv zoo elasticity rau hnub no. Lub sijhawm thiab cov phau ntawv xuas tes ua. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1440, gutenberg sib xyaw ua ke hlau rooj nqusab yam, ntsia hlau xovxwm, thiab roj-bas mem tes los tsim cov tshuab luam ntawv tam sim no. Qhov kev cuam tshuam no luv luv lub sijhawm ntawm ib phau ntawv Vajtswv los ntawm ob peb hlis mus rau ntau hnub, txo tus nqi rau 1/10 ntawm daim tseem, thiab phau ntawv luam tau hloov chaw sai sai. Tab sis txhiab xyoo keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv xuas tes ua cov cuab yeej cuab tam, nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab cov ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj tau tshaj los ntawm cov phau ntawv luam tawm; Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Haujlwm hauv cov monastery lub tshuab luam theej kho cov kev tswj cov luam ntawv ntau lawm. Thiab cov ntawv xuas tes ua ntawd cov ntawv xuas tes ua uas tau ua haujlwm nyuaj ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm, vim lawv cov khoom muaj nqis kos, tau ua cov khoom muaj nqis hnub no. ​
Los ntawm Papyrus scrolls kom txav tau cov tshuab luam ntawv, txhua qhov kev tsim kho ua thev naus laus zis ua ke nrog kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm. Tab sis thaum peb tig rov qab rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hluav taws xob, lub xyoo thaum peb tsis yog cov khoom siv roj monister, thiab cov khoom siv kub hauv qab ntawm tib neeg rau cov qub txeeg qub teg.