Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub thaum phau ntawv tau luam tawm? -} kev paub

Txawm hais tias koj yog ib phau ntawv sau xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tshiab, paub txog kev paub txog cov ntawv keeb kwm, paub tias yuav ua li cas paub thaum phau ntawv luam tawm yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb. Tsis zoo li cov phau ntawv niaj hnub, uas kom pom cov ntaub ntawv sau kom meej rau cov ntaub ntawv no yuav zais cov ntsiab lus no los ntawm cov qauv ntawv luam tawm los ntawm cov qauv laus. Cov lus qhia no ua ke cov tswv yim kev ua haujlwm nrog kev luam ntawv thev naus laus zis los pab koj nthuav tawm phau ntawv luam tawm. Peb yuav rhuav tshem cov lus qhia txog lub cev (nplooj ntawv txwv, khi, yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem luam ntawv), thiab cov cuab yeej luam tawm los xyuas cov hnub kom tsis pom kev lossis cov phau ntawv puas. Thaum kawg, koj yuav muaj peev xwm mus lw phau ntawv ncua sijhawm nrog kev ntseeg siab.

Rau cov phau ntawv feem ntau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 120 xyoo dhau los, tusNplooj ntawv Copyright(Feem ntau cov nplooj ntawv tom qab nplooj npe ntawm lub npe) yog qhov chaw ua ntej thiab yooj yim los nrhiav hnub tim. Cov tshaj tawm tau pib ua kom pom cov nplooj ntawv no nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo 1900, yog li nws feem ntau suav cov hnub qub thiabLuam Ntawv KhiavCov ntsiab lus.

Copyright Hnub thiab Hnub Sau Ntawv: Cov Hnub "Copyright" (piv txwv li cov ntsiab lus © 2010 John Disted, tsis tas yuav yog thaum phau ntawv tau luam tawm. Ib phau ntawv nrog 2010 cov cai yuav luam tawm hauv 2011, 2015, lossis tom qab (rau reprints).

Lub sijhawm "kev sau hnub tim" feem ntau yog sau rau kab lus zoo li no:

Cov Ntawv Luam Ntawv Ntaus: Ntau tus tshaj tawm siv cov cim cryptic (hu ua "tus lej luam tawm" lossis "tus lej") los qhia cov luam tawm. Piv txwv li: "{{{{10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1"=} thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv, yog li "1" txhais tau tias thawj).

"{{{9 8 7 6 5" {=}}} daim ntawv luam tawm thib tsib (pib ntawm tus lej sau).

Qee tus tshaj tawm siv cov ntawv (=1 st, bame}}

Tshuab Luam Ntawv Qhia Txog Cim: Daim Ntawv Luam Ntawv Sau Npe yuav sau lub tshuab luam ntawv (piv txwv li, "luam tawm thev naus laus zis siv (piv txwv li," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "off," off, "offscory. Yog tias lub tshuab luam ntawv tseem nyob hauv kev lag luam, koj tuaj yeem tiv tauj lawv nrog phau ntawv's Isbn kom paub meej tias cov hnub luam tawm.

Tus kheej {{0} }:2 luam tawm cov phau ntawv (piv txwv li, ntawm Amazon KDP lossis Lulu) feem ntau muaj cov ntawv luam tawm yooj yim. Saib rau "luam tawm los ntawm [tus sau] hauv 2022" lossis "luam tawm ntawm kev thov los ntawm [luam ntawv] hauv 2022" tom kawg yog lub sijhawm sau. Cov xovxwm me me yuav tso cov lej kab tab sis feem ntau suav nrog qhov tseeb "luam tawm hauv [xyoo]".

Rau cov phau ntawv luam tawm ua ntej xyoo 1900, lossis cov uas muaj cov ntawv sau tseg (ib txwm muaj kev cia siab rau lub cev zoo li luam los ntawm kev luam ntawv thev naus laus zis thiab cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm. Cov lus qhia no suav nrog hom ntawv, number case, khi, thiab cov cim luam ntawv (piv txwv li, cov ntawv luam tawm cim).

Daim ntawv sau ua ke tau hloov pauv ntau pua xyoo, thiab nws tus mob tuaj yeem qhia tawm phau ntawv luam tawm era:

Pre ...- 1800: feem ntau cov phau ntawv siv "Rag ntawv" (ua los ntawm cov paj rwb lossis linen rags). Rag ntawv yog ruaj, muaj cov ntxhib los mos, thiab tsis tshua muaj yellows (tsis zoo li niaj hnub ntoo- pulp ntawv). Saib rau me me fibers lossis "deckle sawv" (tsis muaj tseeb, ntxhib sawv) -common nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv luam tawm ua ntej 1850.

1800-1950: Ntoo - sam sam picp ntawv los ua kom nrov (pheej yig dua los ua). Cov ntawv no yellows sai sai (vim yog cov ntsiab lus acid) thiab yog nyias cov ntawv tshaj rag. Cov phau ntawv los ntawm 1880s-1920s feem ntau muaj "tshuab {{{{{{}} daim ntawv" ci ntsa iab (du, me ntsis ci ncauj) siv hauv Letterpress luam ntawv.

Xyoo 1950-Nthuav: Acid {{- Daim ntawv dawb (kom tiv thaiv kev yij dawb (kom tiv thaiv cov ntawv nyeem xyoo 1950, thiab rov ua ntawv ntau hauv xyoo 1990. Cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no yuav muaj "FSC - Tau muab ntawv pov thawj" Cov Ntawv Cim (Kev Txiaj Ntsim) ntawm nplooj ntawv txwv lossis rov qab.

Ink cov qauv hloov zuj zus nrogCov Txheej Txheem Luam Ntawv, yog li lawv cov tsos muaj peev xwm hnub tim phau ntawv:

Pre ...- 1850: Letterpress luam ntawv siv cov roj av uas yog tuab, tsaus nti, thiab tiv taus fading. Cov ntawv sau luam tawm nrog cov inks no yuav muaj qhov pom me ntsis "(indentation) ntawm daim ntawv (ib qho presses rau hauv nplooj ntawv).

1850-1980: Muaj kev xaiv ua ntu zus (saws thaum ntxov xyoo 1900s) siv thinner, dej - based inks. Cov inks tsis tshua tawm ntawm qhov kev xav thiab yuav smudge yog tias phau ntawv tau khaws cia hauv cov huab cua noo. Liab los yog xiav inks los ntawm 1920s-1950 feem ntau fade mus rau liab dawb lossis grey dhau sijhawm.

Xyoo 1980-nthuav qhia: Cov Luam Ntawv / Laser) siv cov xim xim-} (rau cov ntawv dub). Xim inks tau ploj mus {{}} tiv taus (saib cov xim ntse muaj lub toner muaj me ntsis (pom hauv lub teeb).

Phau Ntawv Cog Lus Los hloov nrog kev tsim khoom lag luam, ua rau lawv muaj kev txhim khu kev zoo hnub tim:

Ua ntej-1700: "xaws khi" (nplooj ntawv xaws rau hauv cov tawv npog) nrog "tsa ceg" (caij tsheb ntawm tus nqaj qaum) yog ib qho. Npog tau feem ntau ua los ntawm tawv lossis Vellum (tsiaj tawv nqaij).

1700-1900: "Kev sib khi" (nyuaj rau cov nplooj ntawv glued) tau nrov npe rau xyoo 1800s nrov. Cov nqaj sib npaug feem ntau muaj "

1900-1960: "Paperback khi" (kev muag khoom nrog cov nplooj ntawv glued) tshwm sim rau xyoo 1930s (piv txwv li, penguin phau ntawv 'daim ntawv ua ntej thaum xyoo 1935). Cov ntawv thaum pib muaj nyias, nkig npog uas feem ntau ua kua muag ntawm tus nqaj qaum.

1960-Tam sim no: flexible ntawv npog (siv yas - coated ntawv) thiab "Cawv Zoo Tshaj Plaws" (Glued qaum Hardcovers tej zaum yuav muaj "plua plav hmoov av" (daim ntawv npog) nrog cov khaub ncaws muaj yeeb yuj

Cov phau ntawv qub feem ntau muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm (cov cim npe) lossis lub tshuab luam ntawv nyiaj muas (khij los ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm) uas tuaj yeem sau hnub tim:

Publip logos: Ntau tus tshaj tawm (piv txwv li, Harpercollins, Oxford University Xovxwm) hloov lawv lub logos dhau sijhawm. Piv txwv li, penguin phau ntawv "penguin" logo tau rov ua dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1948, 193-sib txuam lub logo rau nws cov qauv tsim tau me me lub npe.

Tshuab luam ntawv nyiaj muas: qee cov luam ntawv (piv txwv li William Caslon, 18th {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{}}} Lawv cov haujlwm nrog lub thwj cim ntawm nplooj ntawv kawg. Cov nyiaj muas no tau catalog tau cataloges zoo li lub zej zog luam ntawv cov ntawv sau npe rau lub cim qhia tuaj yeem qhia lub tshuab luam ntawv lub xyoo.

Cov txheej txheem luam tawm hloov zuj zus hauv cov theem sib txawv, thiab paub txog cov thev naus laus zis yog hom twg tuaj yeem pab koj kwv yees phau ntawv luam tawm. Hauv qab no yog plaub lub ntsiab eras thiab lawv txhais cov thev naus laus zis:

Yuav ua li cas nws ua haujlwm: tau tsim los ntawm Johannes Gutenberg hauv 1440, LetterPress siv cov khoom lag luam tso tseg (cov tsiaj ntawv tso rau hauv ntawv nrog cov number case. Nws yog cov tshuab luam ntawv tseem ceeb rau ntau dua 500 xyoo.

Hnub Yuav Txog Hnub Pov Thawj:

Cov ntawv nyeem muaj "tsa" tsa "(koj tuaj yeem hnov tus cwj mem ntawm daim ntawv).

Fonts feem ntau yog "SERIF" (piv txwv li, Caslon, Caslon) nrog kev sib tw tsis sib xws (ib txwm nyob rau hauv tes}} teev hom ua ntej xyoo 1800s).

Cov phau ntawv luam tawm ua ntej 1800 yuav muaj "Blackletter" Fonts (Gothic {} cov ntawv sau ua cov ntawv sau) nrov hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Piv txwv li: phau ntawv nrog blackletter cov ntawv nyeem, daim ntawv rag, thiab ib daim ntawv pov tawv tawv tawv tawv tawv tau luam tawm ntawm 1500-1750.

Yuav ua li cas nws ua haujlwm: tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1800s, offset siv ib lub phaj hlau kom hloov mem kua rau lwm cov roj hmab, tom qab ntawv. Nws ua haujlwm ceev ceev, pheej yig loj ntau ntau lawm thiab tau los ua tus qauv rau phau ntawv, novel, thiab cov ntawv xov xwm los ntawm xyoo 1950.

Hnub MRUES: Tsis muaj kev xav ntawm daim ntawv (mem kua rau saum toj, tsis yog nias hauv).

Ntse, txawm cov ntawv sau nrog sib nrug sib nrug (tshuab -} teev hom).

Cov phau ntawv xim (siv CMYK inks) tau ua ntau yam nyob rau xyoo 1930s-1940s (offset ua cov xim luam yeeb pheej yig).

Piv txwv li: ib daim ntawv sau nrog cov xim zoo nkauj, tshuab- glazed ntawv, thiab tsis muaj cov ntawv sau ua lus zoo li luam tawm thaum xyoo 1950-1990.

Yuav ua li cas nws ua haujlwm: digital printing (inkjet thiab laser) luam ncaj qha los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv digital, tsis muaj cov phiaj xwm lub cev. Nws hloov kho tus kheej -} {{{2} {} {6 {6 {} {thov kev pabcuam).

Hnub Yuav Txog Hnub Pov Thawj:

Laser -}} Cov ntawv luam tau muaj ib qho sheen me me (pom hauv lub teeb) thiab tsis muaj smudging.

Inkjet -}} Cov duab luam tawm xim yog kaj lug thiab ploj} tsis kam (xim- based inks).

Cov phau ntawv feem ntau muaj "luam tawm --}}}}}}}}}} is, demand in 13 use SIV ISBN-10).

Piv txwv li: ib tus kheej - Tshaj tawm phau ntawv nrog lub Isbn}, muaj xim zoo nkauj}

Woodblock Printing (Pre-1440, Asia): Used in China and Japan for centuries, woodblock prints have uneven lines and may show wood grain. Cov phau ntawv luam tawm txoj kev no yog tsawg nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab hnub ua ntej Gutenberg lub sijhawm.

Gravure Printing (1900s-1970s): Siv rau high- cov ntawv zoo), gravure tsim ib tug du, ua tiav. Cov phau ntawv luam tawm nrog gravure feem ntau muaj tuab, coated ntawv thiab hnub tim mus rau nruab nrab-20th caug xyoo.

Yog tias cov lus qhia txog lub cev tsis paub meej (xws li phau ntawv uas tsis zoo, ploj cov cuab yeej sab nraud los hla- khij} Khij cov ntawv luam tawm:

Worldcat: Ntiaj teb cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws (Worldcat.org) cia koj tshawb hauv phau ntawv npe, sau, lossis ISBN. Feem ntau cov lus nkag tau sau hnub "

Hatititrust: lub tsev qiv ntawv digital (haathitrust.org) nrog cov phau ntawv scanned, suav nrog tsis tshua muaj thiab tawm {2} {2} {luam cov npe. Tshawb nrhiav koj phau ntawv, tom qab ntawd saib cov nplooj ntawv luam tawm lossis "Metadata" (piv txwv li, "luam tawm hauv 1892 los ntawm Houghton Mifflin").

Cov Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress Catalog: Asmeskas Cov Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress (Loc.gov) muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws rau cov phau ntawv luam tawm hauv Asmeskas txij li 1800s. Tshawb nrhiav los ntawm lub npe lossis tus kws sau ntawv nrhiav "luam tawm hnub" thiab "luam ntawv" cov ntaub ntawv.

ISBN Tshawb: Txhua phau ntawv tshaj tawm txij xyoo 1970 muaj ABN (tus lej xov xwm thoob ntiaj teb). Siv cov cuab yeej isbn lookup (piv txwv li, isbntsearch.org) Txhawm rau nrhiav hnub tim " NCO TSEG: ISBN-10 (10 tus lej) tau siv 1970-2006; ISBN-13 (13 tus lej) tau saws hauv 2007.

Barcode scanners: Cov phau ntawv niaj hnub muaj barcodes (UPC lossis EEAN) txuas rau lawv ISBN. Siv tus Baranner Scanner app (piv txwv li, redlender) rau scan lub barcode {}} Qhov no yuav rub cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus, suav nrog kev sau hnub.

AbeliBs: Ib qho chaw ua lag luam rau cov phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj neeg (AbeliBs.com) Qhov twg cov khoom siv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Nrhiav rau koj phau ntawv los sib piv cov nta lub cev (xws li, khi, number cask) rau cov ntawv luam.

Cov Ntawv Luam Ntawv Keeb Kwm: Lub Phaj (luam ntawv PHS (luam ntawv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv, luam ntawv printing, thiab keeb kwm luam ntawv cov txheej txheem. Lawv cov rooj sab laj cia koj thov cov kws tshaj lij kom pab cov phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj hnub.

Cov tswv lag luam hauv cov tswv lag luam: Cov neeg muag khoom muaj suab npe (piv txwv li, Stheby cov phau ntawv, Christie's) tshwj xeeb hauv cov phau ntawv vintage. Ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam dawb (ntawm email) Yog tias koj xa cov duab ntawm phau ntawv npog, Copyright nplooj ntawv, thiab khi.

Cov Vev Xaib: Cov tshaj tawm loj (piv txwv li cov neeg loj, Harpercollins, Penguin Random Tsev) muaj cov ntawv ntawm lawv cov backlist cov npe. Hu rau lawv cov neeg siv khoom siv nrog phau ntawv npe, tus sau, thiab lwm cov cim kev txheeb xyuas (piv txwv li, luam ntawv) los thov cov ntawv luam tawm.

Tshuab luam ntawv Archives: Keeb Kwm Printers (piv txwv li RR Bonnelley, uas tau ua haujlwm txij li 1864) khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov haujlwm dhau los. Piv txwv li, RR Donnelley Archive ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv me me hauv Chicago muaj luam tawm Logs sib txawv rau 1800s.

Txawm tias kev paub txog cov neeg sib sau ua yuam kev ntawm no yog qhov pws tsaws rau saib rau:

Kev nkag siab tsis meej txog Hnub Tim nrog Hnub Sau Ntawv: Raws li tau hais hnub ua ntej lawm, lub sijhawm tsis pub dhau cov ntsiab lus tau sau npe, tsis luam tawm. Ib phau ntawv nrog 1990 Copyright yuav yog 2020 reprint ib txwm kuaj rau lwm hnub sib txawv.

Tsis quav ntsej cov lus luam thiab cov khoom siv: ib qho "reprint" yog ib qho tshiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus qub (piv txwv li 15 xyoo Kev luam tawm muaj lawv cov hnub luam ntawv saib rau "rov luam tawm hauv 2015" ntawm nplooj ntawv txwv.

OppoLooking Me nias lossis tus kheej - presses {{{{1} {{2} {tus qauv kev sib tw. Yog tias tsis muaj kev sau hnub tim, xyuas sab nraub qaum rau lub vev xaib (piv txwv li, tus sau blog) lossis cov ntaub ntawv tiv toj ntau yuav muab hnub luam tawm yog nug.

Kev tsis sib xws Luterpress Cov Lus Pom Zoo: Tsis yog txhua phau ntawv letterpress yog cov laus qee cov luam ntawv tshiab (piv txwv li, artisanal presses) tseem siv letterpress rau cov khoom txwv tsawg. Ua ke cov kev xav tau yooj yim nrog cov ntawv sau thiab number cas kom tsis txhob yos ib phau ntawv Labelpress niaj hnub no.

Kawm paub txog kev paub thaum phau ntawv tau luam tawm yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kev tshawb xyuas ua haujlwm thiab luam ntawv thev naus laus zis. Start with the copyright page (for modern books), then use physical clues (paper, ink, binding) and era-specific printing processes to narrow down the date. Rau cov teeb meem tsis meej, tig mus rau cov ntaub ntawv databases, ISBN saib xyuas, lossis cov kws tshaj lij. Txawm hais tias koj muaj txiaj ntsig phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig los sis tsuas yog xav paub txog nws li keeb kwm, cov kev txawj ntse no yuav pab koj nthuav tawm zaj dab neeg nyob tom qab txhua nplooj ntawv luam ntawv.

Txhua phau ntawv muaj ncua sij hawm koj tsuas yog xav paub qhov twg saib. Nrog kev xyaum, koj yuav muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem sau cov phau ntawv feem ntau hauv feeb, thiab txawm tias cov ntawv luam tsis tshua muaj yuav qhia lawv cov kev zais ntawm lawv cov luam ntawv dhau los ntawm lawv cov ntawv luam tawm.